Predation, competition, and the recovery of overexploited fish stocks in marine reserves
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چکیده
Community interactions alter the management actions necessary to recover overfished species using marine reserves. For example, in communities where a larger species preys on their juveniles’ competitors, overfishing of the larger species may cause prey population expansion; subsequent increased competition for the juveniles of the overfished species may impede its recovery within reserves. We explore the implications of such community interactions for reserve design with a model of a subtidal rockfish (genus Sebastes) system from the Northeast Pacific Ocean within a no-take reserve. Ignoring community interactions, the model predicts that a reserve large enough for internal recruitment to counterbalance mortality will allow recovery of the overfished species. However, after incorporating community interactions, the model predicts that two alternative stable states exist: one where the overfished species dominates and one where the prey dominates. In the community model, the ability of an overfished system to recover to the equilibrium where the overfished species dominates after reserve establishment depends on the initial densities of both species, and a larger reserve is required for recovery to be possible. Résumé : Les interactions au sein de la communauté modifient les actions requises pour rétablir les espèces surexploitées à l'aide de réserves marines. Par exemple, dans les communautés où une espèce plus grande fait de la prédation sur les compétiteurs de ses petits, une surpêche de l'espèce plus grande peut causer une expansion de la population de proies; la compétition subséquente qui en résulte pour les jeunes de l'espèce surexploitée peut alors nuire à son rétablissement au sein des réserves. Nous examinons les implications de telles interactions communautaires pour la planification de réserves à l'aide d'un modèle d'un système sublittoral de sébastes (genre Sebastes) dans une réserve sans capture. Si l'on ne tient pas compte des interactions de la communauté, le modèle prédit qu'une réserve assez grande pour que le recrutement interne contrebalance la mortalité permet le rétablissement de l'espèce surexploitée. Cependant, une fois les interactions communautaires incorporées, le modèle indique qu'il existe deux états stables de rechange, l'un où c'est l'espèce surexploitée qui prédomine et l'autre où c'est la proie. Dans le modèle communautaire, lorsque l'espèce surexploitée domine après l'établissement de la réserve, la capacité du système surexploité à atteindre de nouveau l'équilibre dépend des densités initiales des deux espèces; une réserve de plus grande taille est alors requise pour permettre le rétablissement de l'espèce. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Baskett et al. 1229
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تاریخ انتشار 2006